Learning Domain
Cognitive Domain
Cognitive Domain - This domain includes content knowledge and the
development of intellectual skills. This includes the recall or
recognition of specific facts and concepts that serve developing
intellectual abilities and skills. There are six major categories,
starting from the simplest behavior (recalling facts) to the most
complex (Evaluation).
Benjamin Bloom's 6 Major Categories in the Cognitive Domain
1. Knowledge
Recognizes and recalls facts and specifics.
Word's that reflect knowledge:
| define |
record |
name |
| memorize |
list |
relate |
| repeat |
recall |
state |
2. Comprehension
Interprets, translates, summarize or paraphrases information.
Words that reflect comprehension:
| restate |
tell |
locate |
| discuss |
review |
identify |
| describe |
report |
express |
| recognize |
explain |
|
3.
Application
Uses information in a situation different from original
learning context.
Words that reflect application of knowledge:
| translate |
employ |
dramatize |
|
| interpret |
use |
practice |
|
| apply |
demonstrate |
illustrate |
|
| operate |
schedule |
sketch |
|
4. Analysis
Separates whole into parts until relationship among elements
is clear.
Words that reflect analysis:
| classify |
differentiate |
experiment |
|
| distinguish |
appraise |
test |
|
| analyze |
calculate |
compare |
|
| contrast |
criticize |
diagram |
|
| question |
relate |
examine |
|
| translate |
interpret |
inventory |
|
| inspect |
debate |
|
|
5. Synthesis
Combines elements to form new entity from original ones.
Words that reflect synthesis:
| synthesize |
compose |
plan |
|
| propose |
design |
formulate |
|
| design |
construct |
create |
|
| set up |
organize |
manage |
|
| prepare |
integrate |
predict |
|
| summarize |
assemble |
collect |
|
| arrange |
|
|
|
6. Evaluation
Involves acts of decision making, judging or selecting
based on criteria and rational.
Words that reflect evaluation:
| judge |
appraise |
evaluate |
| rate |
compare |
score |
| revise |
value |
select |
| measure |
estimate |
assess |
| choose |
|
|
Definitions of the affective domain
The affective domain describes learning objectives that emphasize a
feeling tone, an emotion, or a degree of acceptance or rejection.
Affective objectives vary from simple attention to selected phenomena to
complex but internally consistent qualities of character and
conscience. We found a large number of such objectives in the literature
expressed as interests, attitudes, appreciations, values, and emotional
sets or biases.
- Receiving is being aware of or sensitive to the
existence of certain ideas, material, or phenomena and being willing to
tolerate them. Examples include: to differentiate, to accept, to listen
(for), to respond to.
Responding is committed in some small measure to
the ideas, materials, or phenomena involved by actively responding to
them. Examples are: to comply with, to follow, to commend, to volunteer,
to spend leisure time in, to acclaim.
Valuing is willing to be perceived by others as
valuing certain ideas, materials, or phenomena. Examples include: to
increase measured proficiency in, to relinquish, to subsidize, to
support, to debate.
Organization is to relate the value to those
already held and bring it into a harmonious and internally consistent
philosophy. Examples are: to discuss, to theorize, to formulate, to
balance, to examine.
Characterization by value or value set is to act
consistently in accordance with the values he or she has internalized.
Examples include: to revise, to require, to be rated high in the value,
to avoid, to resist, to manage, to resolve.
We are also interested in students' attitudes toward science,
scientists, learning science and specific science topics. We want to
find teaching methods that encourage students and draw them in.
Affective topics in educational literature include attitudes,
motivation, communication styles, classroom management styles, learning
styles, use of technology in the classroom and nonverbal communication.
It is also important not to turn students off by subtle actions or
communications that go straight to the affective domain and prevent
students from becoming engaged.
In the educational literature, nearly every author introduces their
paper by stating that the affective domain is essential for learning,
but it is the least studied, most often overlooked, the most nebulous
and the hardest to evaluate of Bloom's three domains. In formal
classroom teaching, the majority of the teacher's efforts typically go
into the cognitive aspects of the teaching and learning and most of the
classroom time is designed for cognitive outcomes. Similarly, evaluating
cognitive learning is straightforward but assessing affective outcomes
is difficult. Thus, there is significant value in realizing the
potential to increase student learning by tapping into the affective
domain. Similarly, students may experience affective roadblocks to
learning that can neither be recognized nor solved when using a purely
cognitive approach.
Psychomotor Domain
Psychomotor Domain- The psychomotor domain includes physical movement,
coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas. Development of these
skills requires practice and is measured in terms of speed, precision,
distance, procedures, or techniques in execution.
Perception (awareness): The ability to use sensory cues to guide
motor activity. This ranges from sensory stimulation, through cue
selection, to translation.
Set: Readiness to act. It includes mental, physical, and
emotional sets. These three sets are dispositions that predetermine a
person's response to different situations (sometimes called mindsets).
Guided Response: The early stages in learning a complex skill
that includes imitation and trial and error. Adequacy of performance is
achieved by practicing.
Mechanism (basic proficiency): This is the intermediate stage in
learning a complex skill. Learned responses have become habitual and the
movements can be performed with some confidence and proficiency.
Complex Overt Response (Expert): The skillful performance of
motor acts that involve complex movement patterns. Proficiency is
indicated by a quick, accurate, and highly coordinated performance,
requiring a minimum of energy. This category includes performing without
hesitation, and automatic performance. For example, players are often
utter sounds of satisfaction or expletives as soon as they hit a tennis
ball or throw a football, because they can tell by the feel of the act
what the result will produce.
Adaptation: Skills are well developed and the individual can modify movement patterns to fit special requirements.
Origination: Creating new movement patterns to fit a particular
situation or specific problem. Learning outcomes emphasize creativity
based upon highly developed skills.